Kratom Under the Microscope: What Science Knows About Its Risks and Benefits

A comprehensive literature review published in a peer-reviewed toxicology journal examines the science behind kratom, the Southeast Asian plant-derived substance gaining popularity in the U.S. Kratom’s key alkaloids, mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine, produce dose-dependent stimulant, pain-relieving, and opioid-like effects—explaining its appeal as a potential harm-reduction tool for opioid withdrawal, alongside its own risk of tolerance and dependence.

Researchers reviewing roughly 200 sources found that typical, single-substance use appears to carry few risks, though dangers rise sharply among polysubstance users. Despite kratom’s long history and growing U.S. user base—estimated at 10 to 16 million people—the FDA has not approved any kratom products, and researchers say critical data on alkaloid doses linked to adverse effects remains lacking.

Read the full report from ScienceDirect.